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relational sociology
Relational sociology is a collection of sociological theories that emphasize relationalism over substantivalism in explanations and interpretations of social phenomena and is most directly connected to the work of Harrison White and Charles Tilly in the United States and Pierpaolo Donati and Nick Crossley in Europe.
==Background==
Relational sociology draws on a perspective or social ontology that Tilly and Donati refer to as ''relational realism'' or "the doctrine that transactions, interactions, social ties and conversations constitute the central stuff of social life." (Although, Donati argues that other relational sociologies based on constructivist ontology are not truly relational realism.)〔 This redefines the object of sociology, as Donati argues: "Society is not a space “containing” relations, or an arena where relations are played. It is rather the very tissue of relations (society “is
relation” and does not “have relations”). Although several relational thinkers emerge throughout human thought, these presumably disparate theoretical ideas were consolidated in the United States under one banner during what some,〔(''Conceptualizing Relational Sociology: Ontological and Theoretical Issues'' )〕〔(''Understanding Terrorism in the Age of Global Media: A Communication Approach'' )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BIO )〕 following Ann Mische, refer to as The New York School of relational sociology in the 1990s.〔Mische, Ann. "Relational sociology, culture, and agency." The Sage handbook of social network analysis (2011): 80-97.〕 The Canadian Sociological Association has referred to it as the "relational turn" in social sciences spreading around the world.〔(Relational Sociology Research Cluster Meeting ), Canadian Sociological Association. Retrieved 16 July 2014.〕
While substantivalism (similar to substantialism in philosophy) tends to view individuals (or other social objects) as self-subsistent or self-acting entities, relationalism underscores that practices constitute individuals, and that all action is always trans-action: always with implication transcending the momentary intent.〔Emirbayer, Mustafa. ("Manifesto for a Relational Sociology" ) ''The American Journal of Sociology'' 103 (1997): 281-317.〕 This distinction is frequently cited by Pierre Bourdieu who borrowed it from Ernest Cassirer, specifically, Cassirer's 1923 publication ''Substance and Function''. Overall, "relational theorists reject the notion that one can posit discrete, pre-given units such as the individual or society as ultimate starting points of sociological analysis" 〔Emirbayer, Mustafa. "Manifesto for a Relational Sociology." ''The American Journal of Sociology'' 103 (1997): 281-317, pg 287.〕
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